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Worship Dionysus is known as a god of mystery religious rites, the fact that the most famous were those practiced honoring Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. On the Thracian mysteries, he wears the bassaris or fox-skin, symbolizing new life. Some rites, the Dionysian Mysteries practiced by maenads as well as others, were some of the most secret of the. Many scholars reckon that Dionysus is known as a syncretism from a local Greek nature deity with a tougher god from Thrace or Phrygia which includes Sabazios or Zalmoxis. The Dionysus appears, surprisingly, by 50 % tablets at Mycenaean Pylos at present of ruin, anyone at Khania (where he has been worshipped alongside Zeus), Herodotus, like every classical Greeks and most subsequent scholars until recently, was convinced that the worship of Dionysus arrived later the Greeks as opposed to Olympian pantheon. He remarks: Which is, the Greek story has it that no sooner was Dionysus born than Zeus sewed him up during his thigh and carried him off to Nysa in Ethiopia beyond Egypt; and also as for Pan, the Greeks don't what became of him after his birth. Importance plain to my opinion that Greeks learned what they are called for these two gods later than the names with all the self-proclaimed others, and trace the birth of both for the time once they gained the information. erodotus, Histories 2.146 Many Greeks were confident that the cult of Dionysus come to Greece from Anatolia, but Greek concepts of where Nysa was, whether set in Anatolia, possibly Libya ('away under western culture beside a fantastic ocean'), Ethiopia (Herodotus), or Arabia (Diodorus Siculus), are variable enough to declare that an awesome distant land was intended, perhaps named 'Nysa' to explain the god's unreadable name, when the 'god of Nysa.' Apollodorus seems following Pherecydes, who relates what sort of infant Dionysus, god of the grapevine, was nursed from the rain-nymphs, the Hyades at Nysa. The Anatolian Hittites' name for themselves in their own language ("Nesili") was "Nesi," however. The Hittites' affect on early Greek culture is sometimes unappreciated. These contradictions suggest to your that people are dealing steer clear the historical memory from a cult that's foreign, though a god in whom foreignness is inherent. And indeed, Dionysus's name, outlined, is on Mycenean Linear B tablets as "DI-WO-NI-SO-JO", and Karl Kerenyi traces him to Minoan Crete, where his Minoan name is unknown but his characteristic presence is recognizable. Clearly, Dionysus was with all the Greeks and their predecessors quite a while, but still always retained design for something alien. The bull, the serpent, the ivy as well as wine are the signs of the characteristic Dionysian atmosphere, and Dionysus is strongly regarding satyrs, centaurs, and sileni. He will be often shown riding a leopard, wearing a leopard skin, or even in a chariot drawn by panthers, and may also also be recognized by the thyrsus he carries. Form grapevine and the wild barren alter-ego, the toxic ivy plant, both sacred to him, the fig seemed to be his symbol. The pinecone that tipped his thyrsus linked him to Cybele, and then the pomegranate linked him to Demeter. The Dionysia and Lenaia festivals in Athens were devoted to Dionysus. Initiates worshipped him during the Dionysian Mysteries, that are akin to and linked with the Orphic Mysteries, and can even have influenced Gnosticism[citation needed]. Orpheus was told have invented the Mysteries of Dionysus. Dionysus was another god of resurrection who was strongly connected to the bull. At a cult hymn from Olympia, during a festival for Hera, Dionysus is invited into the future to provide a bull; "with bull-foot raging." Walter Burkert relates, "Quite frequently [Dionysus] is portrayed with bull horns, plus Kyzikos she has a tauromorphic image," and refers and to an archaic myth of which Dionysus is slaughtered for a bull calf and impiously eaten via the Titans. (During the Classical time period of Greece, the bull besides other animals identified with deities were separated from their store as their agalma, a sort of heraldic show-piece that concretely signified their numinous presence). Bacchanalia Bacchus by Caravaggio Main article: Bacchanalia Introduced into Rome (c. 200 BC) of your Greek culture of southern Italy or by means of Greek-influenced Etruria, the bacchanalia were stuck secret and attended by women only, on the grove of Simila, on the Aventine Hill, on March 16 and 17. Subsequently, admission on the rites were extended to men and celebrations were held five times every thirty days. The mystery-cult appeared to be seen as an threat on the political status quo. The notoriety for these festivals, where lots of varieties of crimes and political conspiracies were supposed to be planned, generated a decree by way of the Senate in 186 BC the so-called Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, inscribed over a bronze tablet discovered in Calabria (1640), now in Vienna where the Bacchanalia were prohibited throughout all Italy except in special cases that required specific approval through the Senate. In the face of the severe punishment inflicted on those contained in violation on this decree, the Bacchanalia were not stamped out, nonetheless around the south of Italy, in a stretch of time. Dionysus is equated with both Bacchus and Liber (also Liber Pater). Liber ("the free one") would be a god of love and fertility, wine, and growth, married to Libera. His festival was the Liberalia, celebrated on March 17, employing some myths the festival was held on March 5. Appellations Dionysus sometimes gets the epithet Acratophorus, where he was designated being the giver of unmixed wine, and worshipped at Phigaleia in Arcadia. In Sicyon he was worshiped by your name Acroreites. As Bacchus, he carried the Latin epithet Adoneus, "Ruler". Aegobolus, "goat killer", was the name under which he was worshiped at Potniae in Boeotia. As Aesymnetes ("ruler" or "lord") he was worshipped at Aro and Patrae in Achaea. Another epithet was Bromios, "the thunderer" or "he of your loud shout". As Dendrites, "he on the trees", he could be an effective fertility god. Dithyrambos is oftentimes would once take a look at him or or solemn songs sung to him at festivals; the name refers to his premature birth. Eleutherios ("the liberator") was an epithet for both Dionysus and Eros. Others with the god as that surrounding fertility are the epithet in Samos and Lesbos Enorches ("with balls" or possibly "in the testicles" in experience with Zeus' sewing the babe Dionysus into his thigh, i.e., his testicles). Evius will be an epithet of his used prominently in Euripides' play, The Bacchae. Iacchus, possibly an epithet of Dionysus, is associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries; in Eleusis, he is known as a son of Zeus and Demeter. The name "Iacchus" may be found out of your (Iakchos), a hymn sung honoring Dionysus. Together with the epithet Liknites ("he belonging to the winnowing fan") he or she is a fertility god linked to the mystery religions. A winnowing fan looked like a shovel and applied to split up the chaff with the grain. Aside from that, Dionysus has the name Lyaeus ("he who unties") as being a god of relaxation and freedom from worry, and as Oeneus he is the god of this wine press. In Macedonia, one is attested as Pseudanor ("false man"), Agrios ("wild") and Erikryptos ("completely hidden"). On the Greek pantheon, Dionysus (alongside Zeus) absorbs the role of Sabazios, a Thracian/Phrygian deity. Inside the Roman pantheon, Sabazius became an alternative name for Bacchus. Mythology Topics in Greek mythology Gods Primordial gods and Titans Zeus additionally, the Olympians Pan plus the nymphs Apollo and Dionysus Sea-gods and Earth-gods Heroes Heracles wonderful Labors Achilles as well as the Trojan War Odysseus together with the Odyssey Jason plus the Argonauts Perseus and Medusa/Gorgon Oedipus and Thebes Theseus additionally, the Minotaur Triptolemus and also the Eleusinian Mysteries Related Satyrs, centaurs and dragons Religion in Ancient Greece Birth The very best course of this Roman sarcophagus shows Dionysus's birth. With the top center, the infant god is released of Zeus's thigh. Dionysus was built with a strange birth that evokes the difficulty in fitting him within the Olympian pantheon. His mother is a mortal woman, Semele, the daughter of king Cadmus of Thebes, and his father was Zeus, the king for the gods. Zeus' wife, Hera, a jealous and prudish goddess, discovered the affair while Semele was pregnant. Appearing as an old crone (in other stories a nurse), Hera befriended Semele, who confided in their own that Zeus was the very father of the person in their womb. Hera pretended to not believe her, and planted seeds of doubt in Semele's mind. Curious, Semele demanded of Zeus he reveal himself in every his glory as proof of his godhood. Though Zeus begged her will not ask this, she persisted and hubby agreed. Therefore he got to her wreathed in bolts of lightning; mortals, however, cannot look upon an undisguised god without dying, and he or she perished within the ensuing blaze. Zeus rescued the foetal Dionysus by sewing him into his thigh. A few months later, Dionysus to become on Mount Pramnos within the island of Ikaria, where Zeus attended release the now-fully-grown baby from his thigh. In this particular version, Dionysus is borne by two "mothers" (Semele and Zeus) before his birth, hence the epithet dimtr (of two mothers) connected with his being "twice-born". Inside the Cretan version of the identical story, which Diodorus Siculus follows, Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Persephone, the queen of your Greek underworld. Diodorus' sources equivocally identified the caretaker as Demeter. A jealous Hera again tried to crush child, on this occasion by sending Titans to rip Dionysus to pieces after luring your child with toys. Zeus drove the Titans away regarding his thunderbolts, but only after the Titans ate everything nonetheless the heart, that is saved, variously, by Athena, Rhea, or Demeter. Zeus used the guts to recreate him from the womb of Semele, hence he was again "the twice-born". Other versions claim that Zeus gave Semele the very center to consume to impregnate her. The rebirth both in versions within the story may be the primary rationality why Dionysus was worshipped in mystery religions, as his death and rebirth were events of mystical reverence. This narrative was apparently found in several Greek and Roman cults, and variants today you find in Callimachus and Nonnus, who focus on this Dionysus in the title Zagreus, and in several fragmentary poems associated with Orpheus.[citation needed] Childhood Hermes and the Infant Dionysus by Praxiteles, (Archaeological Museum of Olympia) Depending on the myth Zeus gave the little one Dionysus inside the handle of Hermes. One version of this story is the fact Hermes took the boy to King Athamas and his awesome wife Ino, Dionysus' aunt. Hermes bade the pair add to the boy being girl, to cover up him from Hera's wrath. Another version is this Dionysus was taken up the rain-nymphs of Nysa, who nourished his infancy and childhood, and also for their care Zeus rewarded them by placing them since the Hyades associated with the stars (see Hyades star cluster). Other versions have Zeus giving him to Rhea, or even to Persephone to elevate inside Underworld, away from Hera. Alternatively, he spent my childhood years by Maro. When Dionysus invested, he discovered the culture of the vine additionally, the mode of extracting its precious juice; but Hera struck him with madness, and drove him forth a wanderer through parts of the world. In Phrygia the goddess Cybele, better known to your Greeks as Rhea, cured him and taught him her religious rites, and this man lay out over a progress through Asia teaching the people the cultivation belonging to the vine. Just about the most famous an important part of his wanderings is his expedition to India, which can be believed have lasted few years. Returning in triumph he undertook show them his worship into Greece, but was opposed by some princes who dreaded its introduction on account of the disorders and madness it brought with the wine (e.g. Pentheus or Lycurgus). As a general kid, Dionysus was exceptionally attractive. Once, while disguised being a mortal sitting beside the seashore, a couple of sailors spotted him, believing he was obviously a prince. They experimented with kidnap him and sail him a distance in selling for ransom or into slavery. They attempted to bind him with ropes, but no kind of rope could hold him. Dionysus converted into a fierce lion and unleashed a bear onboard, killing those he arrived to hitting the ground with. Men and women who jumped over the ship were mercifully turned into dolphins. The only real survivor was the helmsman, Acoetes, who recognized the god and tried to stop his sailors right away. At a similar story, Dionysus were going to sail from Icaria to Naxos. And it fell hired a Tyrrhenian pirate ship. However if the god was on side, they sailed to never Naxos but to Asia, aspiring to sell him being slave. So Dionysus turned the mast and oars into snakes, and filled the vessel with ivy and therefore the sound of flutes so that the sailors went mad and, leaping within the sea, were changed into dolphins. Other stories Midas Once, Dionysus found his old-fashioned master and foster father, Silenus, missing. That old man were being drinking, together wandered away drunk, and is discovered by some peasants, who carried him therefore to their king, (alternatively, he passed out in Midas' rose garden). Midas recognized him, and treated him hospitably, entertaining him for ten days and nights with politeness, while Silenus entertained Midas with the exceptional friends with stories and songs. At the eleventh day, he brought Silenus oh no- Dionysus. Dionysus offered Midas his assortment of whatever reward he wanted. Midas asked that whatever he might touch have to be changed into gold. Dionysus consented, though was sorry he we hadn't produced more sensible choice. Midas rejoiced within the new power, that they hastened to position towards the test. He touched and looked to gold an oak twig with a stone. Overjoyed, the instant he got home, he ordered the servants to get a feast for another person. He then learned that his bread, meat, daughter and wine started gold. Upset, Midas strove to divest himself of his power (the Midas Touch); he hated the gift he coveted. He prayed to Dionysus, begging to remain delivered from starvation. Dionysus heard and consented; he told Midas to fix around the river Pactolus. He accomplished it, and as he touched the waters the electricity passed into them, and therefore the river sands turned into gold. This was an etiological myth that explained why the sands belonging to the Pactolus were full gold. Pentheus Kylix (6th century BC) depicting Dionysus the sailors transformed to dolphins after wishing to kidnap him Euripides wrote bull crap around the destructive nature of Dionysus in your Bacchae. Since Euripides wrote this play whilst in the court of King Archelaus of Macedon, some scholars assume that the cult of Dionysus was malicious in Macedon but benign in Athens. On the play, Dionysus returns to his birthplace, Thebes, which happens to be ruled by his cousin Pentheus. Dionysus desires to exact revenge on Pentheus together with the women of Thebes (his aunts Agave, Ino and Autonoe) because of not believing his mother Semele's claims for being impregnated by Zeus, and for denying Dionysus's divinity (and thus not worshiping him). Dionysus slowly drives Pentheus mad, lures him towards woods of Mount Cithaeron, after which convinces him to spy/peek about the Maenads (female worshippers of Dionysus, who often experienced divine ecstasy). The Maenads have been in a crazy frenzy when Pentheus sees them (earlier during the play they had ripped apart a herd of cattle), and they catch him but mistake him for the wild animal. Pentheus is torn to shreds, with his fantastic mother (Agave, one of the many Maenads), not recognizing her very own son owing to her madness, brutally tears his limbs off as they begs for his life. Greatly assist acts the ladies are banished from Thebes, ensuring Dionysus's revenge. Lycurgus When King Lycurgus of Thrace heard that Dionysus what food was in his kingdom, he imprisoned the followers of Dionysus; the god fled, taking refuge with Thetis, and sent a drought which stirred those who into revolt. Dionysus then made King Lycurgus insane, having him slice their own son into pieces through an axe, thinking he must have been a patch of ivy, a plant holy to Dionysus. An oracle then claimed that the land would stay dry and barren on condition that Lycurgus was alive, so his people had him drawn and quartered; with Lycurgus dead, Dionysus lifted the curse. This story was told in Homer's epic, Iliad 6.136-7 Prosymnus A better-known story is the one about his descent to Hades to rescue his mother Semele, whom he placed one of the stars. He earned the ascent from your reputedly bottomless pool over the coast of this Argolid close prehistoric site of Lerna. He was guided by Prosymnus or Polymnus, who requested, as his reward, being Dionysus' lover. Prosymnus died before Dionysus could honor his pledge, so so as to satisfy Prosymnus' shade, Dionysus fashioned a phallus from an olive branch and sat on there at Prosymnus' tomb. This story is told in complete only in Christian sources whose aim were discredit pagan mythology. It seems to receive served being a explanation in the secret objects possess revealed in your Dionysian Mysteries. Ampelos Another myth in accordance with Nonnus involves Ampelos, a satyr. Foreseen by Dionysus, the youth was killed in a accident riding a bull maddened through sting of any Ate's gadfly. The Fates granted Ampelos one minute life being a vine, from which Dionysus squeezed the best wine. Chiron Young Dionysus seemed to be believed to happen to have been shop . famous pupils of one's centaur Chiron. Consistent with Ptolemy Chennus within the Library of Photius, "Dionysius was loved by Chiron, from whom he learned chants and dances, the bacchic rites and initiations." Secondary myths Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian, for the National Gallery working in london When Hephaestus bound Hera to somewhat of a magical chair, Dionysus got him drunk and brought her in to Olympus after he given out. 1 / 3 descent by Dionysus to Hades is created by Aristophanes in their comedy The Frogs. Dionysus, as patron within the Athenian dramatic festival, the Dionysia, desires to regain to our lives amongst the great tragedians. From a competition Aeschylus is chosen before it burns Euripides. When Theseus abandoned Ariadne having Naxos, Dionysus found and married her. She bore him a son named Oenopion, but he committed suicide or was killed by Perseus. In most variants, he had her crown place in the heavens since the constellation Corona; in other business owners, he descended into Hades to really make it her towards the gods on Olympus. Callirrhoe was obviously a Calydonian woman who scorned a priest of Dionysus who threatened to afflict the women of Calydon with insanity (see Maenad). The priest was ordered to sacrifice Callirhoe but he killed himself instead. Callirhoe threw herself right into a well that wasthat's later named after her. Acis, a Sicilian youth, was sometimes reportedly Bacchus' son. Consorts/Children Aphrodite Charites Aglaea Euphrosyne Thalia Hymenaios Priapus Ariadne Oenopion Thoas Staphylus Peparethus Nyx Phthonus Semele (a mortal) Acis Althaea Deianeira Circe Comus Suggested parallels with Christianity The opening salvo of debates concerning parallels between Dionysus and Christ will be traced to Friedrich Hlderlin, whose identification of Dionysus with Christ is most explicit in Brod und Wein (18001801) and Der Einzige (18011803). Modern scholars for instance Martin Hengel, Barry Powell, and Peter Wick, and the like, believe that Dionysian religion and Christianity have notable parallels. They thing to the symbolism of wine additionally, the importance it stuck the mythology surrounding both Dionysus and Jesus; though, Wick argues the fact that use of wine symbolism with the Gospel of John, just as story in the Marriage at Cana the point at which Jesus turns water into wine, was designed show Jesus as better than Dionysus. Additionally, some scholars debate that both Dionysus and Jesus represent the dying-god mythological archetype. Other components, just like the celebration using a ritual meal of bread and wine, in addition have parallels. Powell, essentially, argues precursors for the Christian perception of transubstantiation may be found in Dionysian religion. However, these theories will not be without their detractors, notably from Christian scholars. Scholars which includes Paul Barnett realize that such theories often ignore the historical Jesus, focusing solely on "a mystical mindset and as a consequence oppose Christianity as grounded ever." In art "Bacchus" by Michelangelo (1497) Classical Naturally, the god appeared on many kraters and other wine vessels from classical Greece. His iconography became further during the Hellenistic period, between severe archaising or Neo Attic types such as the Dionysus Sardanapalus and kinds showing him just as one indolent and androgynous guy and they often shown nude (observe the Dionysus and Eros, Naples Archeological Museum). Elizabeth Kessler has theorized if you have a mosaic appearing to the triclinium floor of the home of Aion in Nea Paphos, Cyprus. details a monotheistic worship of Dionysus. Around the mosaic, other gods appear but could be lesser representations with the centrally-imposed Dionysus. Modern views Dionysus has remained an inspiration to artists, philosophers and writers within the modern era. On the Birth of Tragedy (1872), the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche contrasted Dionysus considering the god Apollo denoting principle, unrestrained aesthetic principle of force, music, and intoxication versus the principle of sight, form, and beauty represented by your latter. Nietzsche continued to contemplate the smoothness of Dionysus, that she revisited while in the final pages of his 1886 work Beyond Good and Evil. This reconceived Nietzschean Dionysus was invoked for being an embodiment of this central will to power concept in Nietzsche's later works The Twilight from the Idols, The Antichrist and Ecce Homo. The Russian poet and philosopher Vyacheslav Ivanov elaborated the idea of Dionysianism, which traces the roots of literary art normally plus the art of tragedy in particular to ancient Dionysian mysteries. His views were expressed while in the treatises The Hellenic Religion within the Suffering God (1904), and Dionysus and Early Dionysianism (1921). Inspired by James Frazer, some have labeled Dionysus a life-death-rebirth deity. The mythographer Karl Kerenyi devoted much energy to Dionysus over his long career; he summed up his thoughts in Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (Bollingen, Princeton) 1976. Dionysus certainly is the main character of Aristophanes' have fun with the Frogs, later updated to your modern version by Burt Shevelove (libretto) and Stephen Sondheim (music and lyrics) ("The time will be present. The location is ancient Greece. ... "). From the play, Dionysus wonderful slave Xanthius venture to Hades to take a famed writer back of your dead, together with the hopes that this writer's presence across the globe will fix all nature of earthly problems. In Aristophanes' play, Euripides competes against Aeschylus for being recovered from the underworld; In Sondheim and Shevelove's, George Bernard Shaw faces William Shakespeare. The Romanised equivalent of Dionysus was referenced while in the 1852 plantation literature novel Aunt Phillis's Cabin, which featured a personality named Uncle Bacchus, who had previously been so-named because of his excessive alcoholism. Both Eddie Campbell and Grant Morrison have utilised the. Morrison claims which your myth of Dionysus offers the inspiration for his violent and explicit graphic novel Kill Your Boyfriend, whilst Campbell used the character in Deadface series to explore both conventions of super-hero comics and artistic endeavour. Disney world has depicted the character on the volume of occasions. The first such portrayal of Dionysus, since Roman Bacchus, what food was in the "Pastoral" segment of Walt Disney's 3rd classic Fantasia. Per better fun-loving Roman god, she's portrayed as a possible overweight, happily drunk man wearing a tunic and cloak, grape leaves on his head, carrying a goblet of wine, and riding a drunken donkey named Jacchus ("jackass"). One is friends while using the fauns and centaurs, and is particularly shown celebrating a harvest festival. Other portrayals have appeared inside the Disney movie and spin-off TV selection of Hercules. He was depicted being an overweight drunkard unlike his youthful descriptions in myths. She has bright pink skin and rosy red cheeks hinting at his drunkenness. He always carries either a bottle or glass of vino within the hand, and during the myths, wears a wreath of grape leaves upon his head. They are known by his Roman name from the series 'Bacchus', in one episode headlines his very own festival referred to as a 'Bacchanal'. In music Dionysius (in conjunction with Demeter) was used as a possible archetype for any character Tori by contemporary artist Tori Amos in her 2007 album American Doll Posse, as well as the Canadian rockband Rush mean a confrontation and hatred between Dionysus and Apollo inside Cygnus X-1 duology. In literature, Dionysius has proven equally inspiring. Rick Riordan's a list of books Percy Jackson & The Olympians presents Dionysus as being a definite uncaring, childish and spoilt god who for a punishment will have to work in Camp Half-Blood. In Fred Saberhagen's 2001 novel, God of one's Golden Fleece, an early man within a post-apocalyptic world accumulates a historical component of technology shaped during the likeness within the Dionysus. Here, Dionysus is depicted as a relatively weak god, albeit a subversive one whose powers can potentially undermine the authority of tyrants. A version of Bacchus also appears in C.S. Lewis' Prince Caspian, an area of the Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis depicts him as dangerous-looking, androgynous young boy who helps Aslan awaken the spirits on the Narnian trees and rivers. He does not be found in the 2008 film version. During the past year the poet Stephen Howarth and veteran theatre producer Andrew Hobbs collaborated on your play entitled Bacchus in Rehab with Dionysus since central character. The authors describe the piece as ombining highbrow concept and lowbrow humour41]. The other season of True Blood involves a plot line wherein a maenad, Maryann, causes mayhem with the Louisiana capital of scotland- Bon Temps in seek to summon Dionysus. Names caused by Dionysus Deion (also spelled Dion and Dionne) Denise (also spelled Denice, Daniesa, Denese, and Denisse) Dennis, Denis or Denys (along with the derivative surnames Denison and Dennison), Denny Denis, Dionis, Dionisie (Romanian) Dnes (Hungarian) Dionisio/Dyonisio (Spanish), Dionigi (Italian) , , (Dionysios, Dionysis, Nionios Modern Greek) Deniska (diminutive of Russian Denis, itself an offshoot of one's Greek) See also Bacchanalia Dionysian Mysteries Camille Paglia Gallery The Ludovisi Dionysus with panther, satyr and grapes over a vine (Palazzo Altemps, Rome) Dionysos riding a leopard, 4th century BC mosaic from Pella Statue of Dionysus (Sardanapalus) (Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme, Rome) Dionysus extending a drinking cup (kantharos), late 6th century BC A pediment relief of Dionysus Bacchus (Corfu Museum). Drinking Bacchus (1623) Guido Reni Notes ^ Another variant, within the Spanish royal colledtion, what food was in the Museo del Prado, Madrid: illustration. ^ In Greek "both votary and god are known as Bacchus." (Burkert, Greek Religion 1985:162, noting, for that initiate, Euripides, Bacchantes 491, towards the god, who alone is Dionysus, Sophocles Oedipus the King 211 and Euripides Hippolytus 560. ^ Sutton, p.2, mentions Dionysus while the Liberator in connection with baltimore Dionysia festivals. ^ Fox, p. 221, "The divine mission of Dionysus were mingle the songs of the flute also to bring surcease to care"; Fox cites Euripides as being a direct source for the statement. Euripides, Bacchae 379-381: " Holiness, queen of the gods, Holiness, who bear your golden wings of the earth, do you hear these words from Pentheus? Will you hear his unholy insolence against Bromius, the baby of Semele, the main deity for the gods along the banquets where guests wear beautiful garlands? He holds this office, to participate dances, to laugh when using the flute, and then bring a finish to cares, whenever the delight of this grape comes around the feasts of this gods, and ivy-bearing banquets the goblet sheds sleep over men." ^ Riu, Xavier, Dionysism and Comedy, Chapter 4, Happiness along with the Dead, p.105, "Dionysus presides over communications along with the Dead". ^ Otto, Walter F. (1995). Dionysus Myth and Cult. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253208912.  ^ Fox, p. 217, "The word Dionysos is divisible into two parts, the initial originally (cf. ), as the second is associated with unknown signification, although perhaps involved with the specific Mount Nysa which figures on the story of Lykourgos: (...) when Dionysos were definitely reborn out of your thigh of Zeus, Hermes entrusted him in to the nymphs of Mount Nysa, who fed him for the food of one's gods, and created him immortal". ^ Dictionary of Ancient Deities by Patricia Turner additionally, the late Charles Russell Coulter, 2001,page 152 ^ Dictionary of Ancient Deities by Patricia Turner and then the late Charles Russell Coulter, 2001,page 520 ^ John Chadwick, The Mycenaean World (Cambridge University Press) 1976:99f: "But Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, around the form Diwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, rrn order that we've found no methods of verifying his divinity." ^ Adams, John Paul. Professor of Classics, California State University, Northridge, 2005, Dionysos website. http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/dionysos.html ^ Kerenyi 1976. ^ Apollodorus (Pseudo Apollodorus), Library and Epitome, 1.3.2. "Orpheus also invented the mysteries of Dionysus, and achieving been torn in pieces through the Maenads she's buried in Pieria." ^ a b c Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, 1985 pp. 64, 132 ^ Pausanias, viii. 39. 4 ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867), "Acratophorus", in Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1, Boston, MA, pp. 14, http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0023.html  ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. ^ Ausonius, Epigr. xxix. 6 ^ Pausanias, ix. 8. 1. ^ Kerenyi 1976:286. ^ Jameson 1993, 53. Cf.n16 for suggestions of Devereux on "Enorkhes". ^ Rosemarie Taylor-Perry, The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited. Algora Press 2003, p.89, cf. Sabazius. ^ Diorodus V 75.4, noted by Karl Kernyi, Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (Princeton University Press) 1976, "The Cretan core on the Dionysos myth" p 110 note 213 and pp 110-114. ^ Diodorus III 64.1, also noted by Kerny (110 note 214.) ^ Apollodorus, The Library, by using an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. by 50 percent Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Includes Frazer's notes. ISBN 0674991354, ISBN 0674991362 ^ WRATH OF DIONYSUS 1 : Greek mythology ^ Hyginus, Astronomy 2.5. ^ Clement of Alexandria, Protreptikos, II-30 3-5 ^ Arnobius, Versus the Gentiles 5.28 (Dalby 2005, pp. 108-117) ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca (X.175-430; XI; XII.1-117); (Dalby 2005, pp. 55-62). ^ Photius, Library; "Ptolemy Chennus, New History" ^ The mid-19th century debates are traced in G.S. Williamson, The Desiring Myth in Germany, 2004. ^ Studies noisy . Christology, by Martin Hengel, 2005, p.331 (ISBN 0567042804) ^ a b c Powell, Barry B., Classical Myth Second ed. With new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998. ^ a b Wick, Peter (2004). "Jesus gegen Dionysos? Ein Beitrag zur Kontextualisierung des Johannesevangeliums". Biblica (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute) 85 (2): 179198. http://www.bsw.org/?l=71851&a=Comm06.html. Retrieved 2007-10-10.  ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 6. 26. A couple of ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 2. 34a ^ Biblical Studies on the net ^ a b The Jesus Mysteries - a critique ^ Kessler, E., Dionysian Monotheism in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, (Abstract) ^ http://www.facsimileproductions.co.uk/page_1193321376829.html References Dalby, Andrew (2005), The storyplot of Bacchus, London: British Museum Press, ISBN 0714122556  (US ISBN 0-89236-742-3) Farnell, Lewis Richard, The Cults on the Greek States, 1896. Volume V, cf. Chapter IV, Cults of Dionysos; Chapter V, Dionysiac Ritual; Chapter VI, Cult-Monuments of Dionysos; Chapter VII, Ideal Dionysiac Types. Fox, William Sherwood, The Mythology of most Races, v.1, Greek and Roman, 1916, General editor, Louis Herbert Gray. Jameson, Michael. "The Asexuality of Dionysus." Masks of Dionysus. Ed. Thomas H. Carpenter and Christopher A. Faraone. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1993. ISBN 0-8014-8062-0. 44-64. Kernyi, Karl, Dionysos: Archetypal Picture of Indestructible Life, (Princeton: Bollingen) 1976. Pickard-Cambridge, Arthur, The Theatre of Dionysus at Athens, 1946. Powell, Barry B., "Classical Myth," 5th edition, 2007. ISBN Ridgeway, William, Origin of Tragedy, 1910. Kessinger Publishing (June 2003). ISBN 0-7661-6221-4. Ridgeway, William, The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of non-European Races in special mention of the dealing with of Greek Tragedy, by having an appendix in the origin of Greek Comedy, 1915. Riu, Xavier, Dionysism and Comedy, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers (1999). ISBN 0-8476-9442-9. Seaford, Richard. "Dionysos", Routledge (2006). ISBN 0-415-32488-2. Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, article on Dionysus, Sutton, Dana F., Ancient Comedy, Twayne Publishers (August 1993). ISBN 0-8057-0957-6. Bibliography Livy, Good reputation for Rome, Book 39:13, Description of banned Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy Detienne, Marcel, Arthur Goldhammer (translator), Dionysos in particular, Harvard University Press, 1989. ISBN 0674207734. (Originally in French as Dionysos ciel ouvert, 1986) Albert Henrichs, Between City and Country: Cultic Dimensions of Dionysus in Athens and Attica, (April 1, 1990). Department of Classics, UCB. Cabinet of one's Muses: Rosenmeyer Festschrift. Paper festschrift18. Seaford, Richard. Dionysos (Gods and Heroes belonging to the Ancient World). Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-32487-4; paperback, ISBN 0-415-32488-2). Taylor-Perry, Rosemarie The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited. Los angeles: Algora Press, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-87586-214-4; paperback, ISBN 0-87586-213-6). External links Wikimedia Commons has media to do with: Dionysus Theoi Project, Dionysos myths from original sources, cult, classical art Iconographic Themes in Art: Bacchus Dionysos Dionysos Links and Booklist (A major all the list links.) 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